New Delhi: Discoms in India could save up to Rs 9,000 crore (USD 1.23 billion) each year by prioritising coal power despatch based on efficiency rather than the prevailing system which prioritises on the basis of variable costs, according to an independent study released by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW). This can provide much needed respite to public discoms, which last reported a loss of Rs 61,360 crore (USD 8.4 billion) in FY19.
The findings are based on the performance of 194 GW of Indian coal assets (out of a total capacity of nearly 205 GW) during the 30 months preceding the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, the study found that prioritising efficiency-based despatch during this time could have improved coal fleet efficiency by 1.9 percent, resulting in annual coal savings of 42 million tonnes (MT) and a commensurate reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
The CEEW study also recommends considering 30 GW of India's coal-based capacity for accelerated decommissioning. The proposed plants overlap with those identified for retirement in the National Electricity Plan (NEP), 2018. The study also recommends temporarily mothballing a further 20 GW of relatively new capacity that does not feature in the NEP list. Factoring in planned renewables and coal capacity, relegating these newer plants would not adversely affect supply at a system level. In fact, relegating these inefficient plants would additionally result in a one-time saving of Rs 10,000 crore (USD 1.37 billion) on account of avoided pollution control retrofits. Further, the study advocates for a unified electricity market that treats the whole country as a single dispatch region. Its findings reinforce the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission's (CERC) proposal to move away from bilateral scheduling of generation and focus on shifting to market-based economic dispatch (MBED).
Karthik Ganesan, Director of Research Coordination, CEEW, and the study's lead author, said, "The slower-than-expected growth of power demand and the increasing competitiveness of renewable energy in India have left our coal assets under-utilised. While India is contemplating a net-zero commitment year, its current plants are entirely premised on renewable energy addition only. Given that India will continue to rely on coal power in the coming decade, it must rein in wasteful coal use and improve generation efficiency. Decommissioning a part of the fleet today could make coal power generation more efficient and less polluting, and accelerate decarbonisation in the power sector. Decommissioning identified assets will usher in new investments in a more balanced generation system that does not have the sword of surplus hanging over it."
A second independent study released today by the CEEW Centre for Energy Finance (CEF) separately examined 130 plants representing 95 GW of India's coal-based capacity. It found that decommissioning coal assets older than 25 years (35 GW of total capacity) on priority could result in annual savings of Rs 7,550 crore (USD 1.03 billion) over the next five years. These savings would be generated through avoided annual capacity or fixed-charge payouts, primarily towards operation and maintenance costs. Further, the savings would add up to a total of Rs 37,750 crore (USD 5.2 billion) over the plants' remaining life. On the other hand, the decommissioning of these assets would cost Rs 21,500 crore (USD 2.9 billion) in payouts to debt and equity holders and an additional Rs 11,700 crore (USD 1.6 billion) in compensatory payouts to the workforce. This suggests that decommissioning will pay for itself over a five to six-year period.
Vaibhav Pratap Singh, Programme Lead, CEEW-CEF, and the study's lead author, said, "Estimating costs is a crucial first step for decommissioning. A suitable mechanism must be designed to ensure a just transition for all stakeholders in allied sectors such as coal mining and railways. Managing equity payouts, which contribute to around 29 percent of decommissioning costs, would also be critical. This could help lower the eventual transition costs and allocate more resources for workforce payouts."
Further, while the CEEW-CEF study does not endorse large-scale decommissioning, it found that retiring 95 GW of capacity could cost between Rs 2.3 lakh crore and 3.5 lakh crore (USD 32 to 48 billion) to pay off debt and equity holders. Payoffs to the workforce costs could add another Rs 57,490 crore (USD 7.8 billion). The study also highlighted that freeing up capital through decommissioning will require innovative financial mechanisms. Once unlocked, these resources could be made available for India's transition to renewables.
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