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New Delhi: 'Atmanirbharta' (self-reliance) has been identified by the Indian government as a key element of strategic policy for the country's economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Given this, clean energy, with an investment potential of more than US$ 500 billion over this decade, and the need to develop an indigenous manufacturing base, especially for the solar power sector, has become a focus area for the economy. India's ambitious target of 450 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy (RE) capacity by 2030 requires an annual renewable build rate of ~35GW.
The government recognises this as a valuable opportunity to strengthen the country's energy security, create jobs and export capacity, and contribute to global action on climate. However, the solar industry — a very promising segment of India's energy economy — depends heavily on imports for solar equipment.
According to the All India Solar Industries Association (AISIA), an industry body representing domestic solar module manufacturers, more than 80 percent of Indian solar equipment currently used in power projects is imported from Asian countries such as China, Vietnam and Malaysia.
At present, the cumulative solar cell and module manufacturing capacities in India are about 4 GW and 16 GW, respectively. And the manufacturing capacity for ingots and wafers, the upstream stages of polysilicon, is absent, primarily due to high production costs. Further, the solar PV manufacturing industry's lack of scale and integration has been a critical barrier to the nation's solarisation programme.
Over the years the government has tried to protect domestic solar module manufacturing by introducing measures such as the Domestic Content Requirement (DCR) in 2014 and the Safeguard Duty (SGD) in 2018 to dampen the influx of cheaper imports. In our view, these policies have failed to incentivise capacity building in domestic solar module manufacturing. More recently, the government has turned to tenders for module manufacturing capacity.
In 2019, the Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) issued a landmark project development tender for 12 GW of solar generation capacity and within that a tied contract for 3 GW of domestic module manufacturing capacity, to provide a boost to domestic production by linking it with a big solar tender.
In April 2021, the government approved the production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme for the solar PV manufacturing sector, with Rs 4,500 crore (US$ 603 million) allocated by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) for investment in high-efficiency solar PV modules. In a further move to make domestic solar manufacturing competitive, the Ministry of Finance has provided long-term policy certainty by issuing an order to impose 40 percent and 25 percent Basic Customs Duty (BCD) on imported solar modules and solar cells, respectively, from April 1, 2022.
In October 2021, the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) conducted an auction for a fully integrated polysilicon to solar PV modules manufacturing capacity of 10 GW per annum, with priority given to interested manufacturers with the lowest requirement of corresponding incentives.
The tender received a tremendous response with the tendered manufacturing capacity oversubscribed by 44.8 GW. The interested manufacturers included India's biggest industrial groups such as Jindal, Adani, Reliance, Tata and Larson & Toubro (L&T). Other notable participants included top domestic renewable energy developers such as ReNew Power, ACME Power, Avaada Energy and existing domestic module manufacturers such as Waaree Energies and Vikram Solar and international module manufacturer First Solar.
Indian government-owned coal mining giant, Coal India Ltd (CIL), also bid to build 4 GW of wafers to module capacity with PLI support of Rs 1,340 crore (US$180m). This is reflective of the government's serious ambition for a large domestic solar module manufacturing capacity and the intention to be self-reliant to meet long-term decarbonisation goals.
When commissioned, this fully integrated PV manufacturing capacity will boost India's solar industry.
Domestically manufactured modules have been falling behind in cost and quality parameters compared to imported modules. Given the fiercely competitive nature of the reverse-bidding solar capacity auctions, developers have preferred to import modules. This has led to underutilisation of the domestic module manufacturing capacity. Many industry analysts now ponder whether the new manufacturing capacity will face the similar danger of underutilisation.
Recently, the cost parameters for the Chinese-made modules have changed and in the past 12 months, module prices have risen 46 percent.
Supply chain constraints in the raw materials for solar module manufacturing have halted the longest-running deflation in module prices. Polysilicon, the most important raw material for modules, has gone up by 237 percent from US$11/kg in January 2021 to US$37/kg in December 2021, according to data from Bernreuter Research. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has been the key reason for polysilicon production constraints and price inflation.
Similar constraints in supply have inflated the prices of solar glass, another key ingredient of the modules, which forms roughly 20 percent of the module cost. Borosil Renewables, the leading solar glass manufacturer in India, suggests that average prices of tempered solar glass has increased by 20 percent year-on-year to the end of September 2021. (Borosil's solar glass prices are pegged to the Chinese-made glass prices.)
More recently, the impact of the global energy crisis has spread to China's solar industry. Curtailed power supply to cities that are hubs for module manufacturing has disrupted operations, pushing module prices up. This has resulted in a 15-20 percent increase in solar project costs for India.
Overdependence on cheaper but superior imported equipment exposes the Indian industry to variability of prices, currency fluctuations and trade account imbalance. Most importantly, India loses out on a huge opportunity to create skilled jobs for its growing labour force.
India's annual solar build rate has been poor for the past two financial years but has now bounced back with 7.5 GW of capacity commissioned in the first seven months of FY22. At this rate, India's solar annual installs could hit a high of 13 GW in FY22.
India's target of 300 GW of solar by FY30 means that the annual solar build rate needs to accelerate to an average of 28 GW of additions starting next year. This gives manufacturers ample visibility of potential off-take of their product.
Solar module manufacturing in India has never been more viable. The Indian government's strong policy support for an industry that is facing a supply-chain crunch globally gives domestic manufacturers an opportunity they never had previously, especially when module prices manufactured outside India have jumped more than 40 percent.
For sustainable long-term growth of domestic module manufacturing, the focus should be on building infrastructure to produce modern module technology such as Mono PERC and Heterojunction (HJT).
India's domestic manufacturing ambition has received a massive boost with Reliance Industries Ltd's (RIL) entry. The group has acquired stakes in leading entities across the solar value chain. Reliance's acquisition of Norway's REC group – which already produces HJT, one of the most promising cell technologies – will set Reliance apart from its peers, benefit India's solar industry and potentially force competitors to bring similar scale, efficiency and technology to stay relevant in the market.
Kashish Shah is an Energy Finance Analyst at the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA).
Disclaimer: This is an Op-ed article. The opinions expressed in this article are the author's own. PSU Watch does not endorse nor support views, opinions or conclusions drawn in this post and we are not responsible or liable for any content within the article or for any damage or loss caused by and in connection to it.
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